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2. Select graphics
3. Explore the map with your mouse
4. You can download the map
5. You can view the map data in a table
Brazil, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Canada, as of Jan 2008
Canada's voluntary fuel efficiency programme was introduced in 1976, and its standards have historically matched the United States' CAFE Program. The CAFE Program has held fuel economy standards for cars at 27.5 miles per gallon since 1985 (equivalent to 199 gCO2/km). The standard for light trucks has been raised to 22.2 miles per gallon in 2007 (equivalent to 246 gCO2/km). Each manufacturer is required to meet the standard as an average fuel efficiency of its fleet.
Canada's voluntary fuel efficiency programme was introduced in 1976, and its standards have historically matched the United States' CAFE Program. The CAFE Program has held fuel economy standards for cars at 27.5 miles per gallon since 1985 (equivalent to 199 gCO2/km). The standard for light trucks has been raised to 22.2 miles per gallon in 2007 (equivalent to 246 gCO2/km). Each manufacturer is required to meet the standard as an average fuel efficiency of its fleet.
China, as of Jan 2008
In 2005, China introduced mandatory fuel efficiency standards that divide automobiles into 16 different weight classes, from <750kg to >2,500kg. In contrast to most other countries, China does not prescribe a fleet standard, instead specifying a maximum allowable fuel consumption for each new automobile in a weight class.
In 2005, China introduced mandatory fuel efficiency standards that divide automobiles into 16 different weight classes, from <750kg to >2,500kg. In contrast to most other countries, China does not prescribe a fleet standard, instead specifying a maximum allowable fuel consumption for each new automobile in a weight class.
European Union, as of Jan 2008
In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140gCO2/km by 2008 and 120gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet. In contrast to the U.S. CAFE standards, the EU does not require single companies to achieve a fleet average standard, but the entire industry must meet one target.
In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140gCO2/km by 2008 and 120gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet. In contrast to the U.S. CAFE standards, the EU does not require single companies to achieve a fleet average standard, but the entire industry must meet one target.
France, as of Jan 2008
France adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
France adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
Germany, as of Jan 2008
Germany adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
Germany adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
India, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Italy, as of Jan 2008
Italy adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
Italy adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140 gCO2/km by 2008 and 120 gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
Japan, as of Jan 2008
Japan's mandatory fuel economy standards are differentiated according to 16 weight classes where each new vehicle has to comply with the standard of its weight class. The revised standards of 2006 aim to achieve an overall fleet average efficiency of 16.8 l/km by 2015 (equivalent to 125 gCO2/km).
Japan's mandatory fuel economy standards are differentiated according to 16 weight classes where each new vehicle has to comply with the standard of its weight class. The revised standards of 2006 aim to achieve an overall fleet average efficiency of 16.8 l/km by 2015 (equivalent to 125 gCO2/km).
Mexico, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Russia, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
South Africa, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
United Kingdom, as of Jan 2008
The United Kingdom adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140gCO2/km by 2008 and 120gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
The United Kingdom adheres to the EU's fuel economy standards under the ACEA Agreement. In 1998, the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) entered into a voluntary commitment with the European Commission, setting efficiency goals of 140gCO2/km by 2008 and 120gCO2/km by 2012 for new vehicles of the overall light duty fleet.
USA, as of Jan 2008
The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act requires the Department of Transportation to set new standards so that the average fleet fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks will reach 35 mpg by 2020 (equivalent to 156 gCO2/km). Each manufacturer is required to meet the standard as an average fuel efficiency of its fleet. The new standard replaces the 27.5 mpg standard in effect since 1985.
The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act requires the Department of Transportation to set new standards so that the average fleet fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks will reach 35 mpg by 2020 (equivalent to 156 gCO2/km). Each manufacturer is required to meet the standard as an average fuel efficiency of its fleet. The new standard replaces the 27.5 mpg standard in effect since 1985.
Brazil, 2005
650 tons
650 tons
Canada, 2005
8,000 tons
8,000 tons
China, 2005
not available tons
not available tons
European Union, 2005
2,640,000 tons
2,640,000 tons
France, 2005
417,000 tons
417,000 tons
Germany, 2005
1,450,000 tons
1,450,000 tons
India, 2005
10,000 tons
10,000 tons
Italy, 2005
300,000 tons
300,000 tons
Japan, 2005
0 tons
0 tons
Mexico, 2005
not available tons
not available tons
Russia, 2005
not available tons
not available tons
South Africa, 2005
0 tons
0 tons
United Kingdom, 2005
65,000 tons
65,000 tons
USA, 2005
250,000 tons
250,000 tons
Brazil, 2005
13,813 million litres
13,813 million litres
Canada, 2005
255 million litres
255 million litres
China, 2005
1,200 million litres
1,200 million litres
European Union, 2005
956 million litres
956 million litres
France, 2005
not available million litres
not available million litres
Germany, 2005
not available million litres
not available million litres
India, 2005
120 million litres
120 million litres
Italy, 2005
not available million litres
not available million litres
Japan, 2005
0 million litres
0 million litres
Mexico, 2005
0 million litres
0 million litres
Russia, 2005
0 million litres
0 million litres
South Africa, 2005
0 million litres
0 million litres
United Kingdom, 2005
0 million litres
0 million litres
USA, 2005
14,755 million litres
14,755 million litres
Brazil, 1990-2003
50.8 %
50.8 %
Canada, 1990-2005
26.7 %
26.7 %
China, 1990-2003
77.3 %
77.3 %
European Union, 1990-2005
-1.5 %
-1.5 %
France, 1990-2005
5.4 %
5.4 %
Germany, 1990-2005
-15.3 %
-15.3 %
India, 1990-2003
77.0 %
77.0 %
Italy, 1990-2005
13.6 %
13.6 %
Japan, 1990-2005
13.1 %
13.1 %
Mexico, 1990-2003
29.6 %
29.6 %
Russia, 1990-2005
-28.6 %
-28.6 %
South Africa, 1990-2003
36.2 %
36.2 %
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
-5.6 %
-5.6 %
USA, 1990-2005
21.7 %
21.7 %
Brazil, 2003
1.8 t CO2
1.8 t CO2
Canada, 2005
18.1 t CO2
18.1 t CO2
China, 2003
3.5 t CO2
3.5 t CO2
European Union, 2005
8.9 t CO2
8.9 t CO2
France, 2005
6.8 t CO2
6.8 t CO2
Germany, 2005
10.6 t CO2
10.6 t CO2
India, 2003
1.0 t CO2
1.0 t CO2
Italy, 2005
8.4 t CO2
8.4 t CO2
Japan, 2005
10.1 t CO2
10.1 t CO2
Mexico, 2003
3.9 t CO2
3.9 t CO2
Russia, 2005
12.1 t CO2
12.1 t CO2
South Africa, 2003
8.1 t CO2
8.1 t CO2
United Kingdom, 2005
9.3 t CO2
9.3 t CO2
USA, 2005
20.3 t CO2
20.3 t CO2
Brazil, as of Nov 2007
112 CDM projects hosted in country.
112 CDM projects hosted in country.
Canada, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
China, as of Nov 2007
126 CDM projects hosted in country.
126 CDM projects hosted in country.
European Union, as of Nov 2007
2 CDM projects hosted in the European Union.
2 CDM projects hosted in the European Union.
France, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
Germany, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
India, as of Nov 2007
288 CDM projects hosted in country.
288 CDM projects hosted in country.
Italy, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
Japan, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
Mexico, as of Nov 2007
97 CDM projects hosted in country.
97 CDM projects hosted in country.
Russia, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
South Africa, as of Nov 2007
11 CDM projects hosted in country.
11 CDM projects hosted in country.
United Kingdom, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
USA, as of Nov 2007
No CDM projects hosted in country.
No CDM projects hosted in country.
Brazil, 1990-2000
43.2 %
43.2 %
Canada, 1990-2005
24.7 %
24.7 %
China, 1990-2000
31.7 %
31.7 %
European Union, 1990-2005
-5.8 %
-5.8 %
France, 1990-2005
-1.1 %
-1.1 %
Germany, 1990-2005
-18.3 %
-18.3 %
India, 1990-2000
41.0 %
41.0 %
Italy, 1990-2005
11.5 %
11.5 %
Japan, 1990-2005
6.9 %
6.9 %
Mexico, 1990-2000
37.3 %
37.3 %
Russia, 1990-2005
-23.0 %
-23.0 %
South Africa, 1990-2000
20.2 %
20.2 %
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
-15.3 %
-15.3 %
USA, 1990-2005
18.6 %
18.6 %
Brazil, 2003
332.3 Mt
332.3 Mt
Canada, 2005
583.4 Mt
583.4 Mt
China, 2003
4,497.1 Mt
4,497.1 Mt
European Union, 2005
4,103.6 Mt
4,103.6 Mt
France, 2005
416.6 Mt
416.6 Mt
Germany, 2005
872.9 Mt
872.9 Mt
India, 2003
1,148.3 Mt
1,148.3 Mt
Italy, 2005
493.4 Mt
493.4 Mt
Japan, 2005
1,293.5 Mt
1,293.5 Mt
Mexico, 2003
400.0 Mt
400.0 Mt
Russia, 2005
1,744.1 Mt
1,744.1 Mt
South Africa, 2003
382.5 Mt
382.5 Mt
United Kingdom, 2005
557.5 Mt
557.5 Mt
USA, 2005
6,089.5 Mt
6,089.5 Mt
Brazil, 2003
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
Canada, 2005
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
China, 2003
2.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
2.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
European Union, 2005
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
France, 2005
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
Germany, 2005
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
India, 2003
2.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
2.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
Italy, 2005
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
Japan, 2005
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
Mexico, 2003
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
Russia, 2005
5.0 t CO2/1,000 US$
5.0 t CO2/1,000 US$
South Africa, 2003
2.6 t CO2/1,000 US$
2.6 t CO2/1,000 US$
United Kingdom, 2005
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
USA, 2005
0.6 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.6 t CO2/1,000 US$
Brazil, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Canada, as of Jan 2008
In October 2007, the province of Quebec passed the country’s first CO2 tax.
In October 2007, the province of Quebec passed the country’s first CO2 tax.
China, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
European Union, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
France, as of Jan 2008
A one-off tax on vehicle registration is levied on high CO2 emitters during sale or import. Taxes are 2 EUR per gCO2/km for vehicles with CO2 emissions between 200 and 250 gCO2/km, and 4 EUR per g above 250 gCO2/km plus a 100 EUR surcharge.
A one-off tax on vehicle registration is levied on high CO2 emitters during sale or import. Taxes are 2 EUR per gCO2/km for vehicles with CO2 emissions between 200 and 250 gCO2/km, and 4 EUR per g above 250 gCO2/km plus a 100 EUR surcharge.
Germany, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
India, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Italy, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Japan, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Mexico, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Russia, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
South Africa, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
United Kingdom, as of Jan 2008
A yearly registration tax is levied on automobiles emitting more than 100 gCO2/km, with six different taxation levels strongly graduated according to CO2 emissions. Taxes levels also vary based on whether the car has a diesel or petrol engine.
A yearly registration tax is levied on automobiles emitting more than 100 gCO2/km, with six different taxation levels strongly graduated according to CO2 emissions. Taxes levels also vary based on whether the car has a diesel or petrol engine.
USA, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
Brazil, 1990-2005
61.6 %
61.6 %
Canada, 1990-2005
19.5 %
19.5 %
China, 1990-2005
206.8 %
206.8 %
European Union, 1990-2005
37.4 %
37.4 %
France, 1990-2005
0.6 %
0.6 %
Germany, 1990-2005
172.6 %
172.6 %
India, 1990-2005
44.5 %
44.5 %
Italy, 1990-2005
35.3 %
35.3 %
Japan, 1990-2005
-2.7 %
-2.7 %
Mexico, 1990-2005
29.3 %
29.3 %
Russia, 1990-2005
not available %
not available %
South Africa, 1990-2005
14.5 %
14.5 %
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
197.3 %
197.3 %
USA, 1990-2005
-1.5 %
-1.5 %
Brazil, 1990-2005
62.4 %
62.4 %
Canada, 1990-2005
30.1 %
30.1 %
China, 1990-2005
148.5 %
148.5 %
European Union, 1990-2005
-5.7 %
-5.7 %
France, 1990-2005
25.3 %
25.3 %
Germany, 1990-2005
-2.2 %
-2.2 %
India, 1990-2005
105.7 %
105.7 %
Italy, 1990-2005
19.3 %
19.3 %
Japan, 1990-2005
22.1 %
22.1 %
Mexico, 1990-2005
36.2 %
36.2 %
Russia, 1990-2005
not available %
not available %
South Africa, 1990-2005
43.1 %
43.1 %
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
8.0 %
8.0 %
USA, 1990-2005
18.9 %
18.9 %
Brazil, 2005
0.05 US$/litre
0.05 US$/litre
Canada, 2005
0.24 US$/litre
0.24 US$/litre
China, 2005
-0.02 US$/litre
-0.02 US$/litre
European Union, 2007
not available US$/litre
not available US$/litre
France, 2005
0.81 US$/litre
0.81 US$/litre
Germany, 2005
0.85 US$/litre
0.85 US$/litre
India, 2005
0.18 US$/litre
0.18 US$/litre
Italy, 2005
0.87 US$/litre
0.87 US$/litre
Japan, 2005
0.51 US$/litre
0.51 US$/litre
Mexico, 2005
0.01 US$/litre
0.01 US$/litre
Russia, 2005
0.01 US$/litre
0.01 US$/litre
South Africa, 2005
0.36 US$/litre
0.36 US$/litre
United Kingdom, 2005
1.16 US$/litre
1.16 US$/litre
USA, 2005
0.13 US$/litre
0.13 US$/litre
Brazil, as of Jan 2008
The Brazilian government has adopted several laws on energy efficiency and three national programmes aim at reducing the demand for energy. The most important acts are Law no. 9991 and Law no. 10295 (Energy Efficiency Law). According to these laws, utilities are required to invest 0.25% of their revenues in energy efficiency measures. Furthermore, equipment and buildings have to fulfil certain energy efficiency standards. Three important efficiency programmes in Brazil are PROCEL (electric energy), CONPET (gasoline, natural gas, etc.), and PBE (mandatory efficiency labelling).
The Brazilian government has adopted several laws on energy efficiency and three national programmes aim at reducing the demand for energy. The most important acts are Law no. 9991 and Law no. 10295 (Energy Efficiency Law). According to these laws, utilities are required to invest 0.25% of their revenues in energy efficiency measures. Furthermore, equipment and buildings have to fulfil certain energy efficiency standards. Three important efficiency programmes in Brazil are PROCEL (electric energy), CONPET (gasoline, natural gas, etc.), and PBE (mandatory efficiency labelling).
Canada, as of Jan 2008
Since 1995, the majority of household appliances are covered by minimum efficiency standards through the Energy Efficiency Act. In 1999, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) added a mandatory labelling scheme, the EnerGuide Program. The schemes are revised regularly with the long-term goal of harmonising the Canadian energy efficiency labels with the U.S. Energy Star Program.
Since 1995, the majority of household appliances are covered by minimum efficiency standards through the Energy Efficiency Act. In 1999, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) added a mandatory labelling scheme, the EnerGuide Program. The schemes are revised regularly with the long-term goal of harmonising the Canadian energy efficiency labels with the U.S. Energy Star Program.
China, as of Jan 2008
The Chinese government implemented an assortment of energy efficiency programmes in 2006. The Strategic Plan for Industrial Efficiency is directed towards optimising energy efficiency in metallurgical, petro-chemical and chemical industries through planning and technology development. The government also initiated a plan to improve energy efficiency within the government itself, aiming to conserve 10% per unit construction area and per capita compared to 2002 levels. China also set into motion a plan for conserving energy in buildings and promoting high-energy lighting systems. In its 2007 National Climate Change Programme, the Chinese government published its aim to reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% by 2010.
The Chinese government implemented an assortment of energy efficiency programmes in 2006. The Strategic Plan for Industrial Efficiency is directed towards optimising energy efficiency in metallurgical, petro-chemical and chemical industries through planning and technology development. The government also initiated a plan to improve energy efficiency within the government itself, aiming to conserve 10% per unit construction area and per capita compared to 2002 levels. China also set into motion a plan for conserving energy in buildings and promoting high-energy lighting systems. In its 2007 National Climate Change Programme, the Chinese government published its aim to reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20% by 2010.
European Union, as of Jan 2008
In its Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2007–12), the EU has laid out a comprehensive set of measures aimed at achieving a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2020. Various directives and regulations following from the Action Plan have established minimum standards and labelling requirements for different sectors. The most important pieces of legislation include the Eco-Design Directive enacting minimum standards to improve the energy yield of 14 groups of products; the mandatory labelling rules for household appliances which aim at harmonisation of European energy efficiency labels; and the minimum performance standards for new and renovated buildings put in place by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.
In its Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (2007–12), the EU has laid out a comprehensive set of measures aimed at achieving a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2020. Various directives and regulations following from the Action Plan have established minimum standards and labelling requirements for different sectors. The most important pieces of legislation include the Eco-Design Directive enacting minimum standards to improve the energy yield of 14 groups of products; the mandatory labelling rules for household appliances which aim at harmonisation of European energy efficiency labels; and the minimum performance standards for new and renovated buildings put in place by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive.
France, as of Jan 2008
In 2006, French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) launched the White Certificate Trading Programme, in which energy suppliers must meet government standards for energy savings achieved through their customers or, in the case of non-compliance, buy energy savings certificates. In 2006, France also implemented the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings and created two building energy efficiency labels, the “High Energy Performance” (Haute Performance énergétique) and the "Very High Energy Performance" (Très Haute Performance Energétique) labels. In addition, minimum efficiency standards exist for boilers and fluorescent lamp ballasts.
In 2006, French Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) launched the White Certificate Trading Programme, in which energy suppliers must meet government standards for energy savings achieved through their customers or, in the case of non-compliance, buy energy savings certificates. In 2006, France also implemented the EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings and created two building energy efficiency labels, the “High Energy Performance” (Haute Performance énergétique) and the "Very High Energy Performance" (Très Haute Performance Energétique) labels. In addition, minimum efficiency standards exist for boilers and fluorescent lamp ballasts.
Germany, as of Jan 2008
In line with the 2006 EU Directive on energy services and energy end-use efficiency, Germany’s federal government issued a national Energy Efficiency Action Plan in November 2007 with the target to double energy productivity by 2020. Germany has also implemented all the current EU standards directives for residential and commercial appliances in the Ordinance on Maximum Energy Consumption and amended the Energy Consumption Labelling Act, which regulates energy efficiency labelling. Germany’s Ordinance on Energy Conservation in Buildings (Energieeinsparverordnung), established in 2001, aims to reduce the energy consumption of heating and cooling in new buildings by 25-30% through a series of measures. Starting in mid-2008, those selling and renting certain types of residential real estate must provide certified information on energy use via the so-called “energy passport” (Energiepass).
In line with the 2006 EU Directive on energy services and energy end-use efficiency, Germany’s federal government issued a national Energy Efficiency Action Plan in November 2007 with the target to double energy productivity by 2020. Germany has also implemented all the current EU standards directives for residential and commercial appliances in the Ordinance on Maximum Energy Consumption and amended the Energy Consumption Labelling Act, which regulates energy efficiency labelling. Germany’s Ordinance on Energy Conservation in Buildings (Energieeinsparverordnung), established in 2001, aims to reduce the energy consumption of heating and cooling in new buildings by 25-30% through a series of measures. Starting in mid-2008, those selling and renting certain types of residential real estate must provide certified information on energy use via the so-called “energy passport” (Energiepass).
India, as of Jan 2008
India’s Energy Conservation Act of 2001 requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms; it establishes an Energy Conservation Building Code for new building, energy performance standards for appliances as well as the duty to display energy consumption labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement the provisions of the Act. The Bureau also serves as an advisor for the central government regarding energy consumption standards, and promotes innovative financing in energy efficiency projects.
India’s Energy Conservation Act of 2001 requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms; it establishes an Energy Conservation Building Code for new building, energy performance standards for appliances as well as the duty to display energy consumption labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to implement the provisions of the Act. The Bureau also serves as an advisor for the central government regarding energy consumption standards, and promotes innovative financing in energy efficiency projects.
Italy, as of Jan 2008
In 1991, Italy’s National Energy Plan established a framework law regulating efficient energy consumption in all end-use categories. Measures include building standards and rules for the performance of heating systems in buildings. A certification scheme for buildings was added in 2006 in order to transpose the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. The Energy Plan also requires companies with an annual energy consumption over a certain amount to employ an energy manager and communities with a population over 50,000 to establish energy plans with an emphasis on renewables and efficiency. A 2004 decree of the Ministry for Economic Development obliges all gas and electricity suppliers with more than 100,000 customers to help their customers save a certain amount of energy. Alternatively, they can buy White Certificates for Energy Efficiency Titles (TEE) which represent energy savings achieved by other suppliers.
In 1991, Italy’s National Energy Plan established a framework law regulating efficient energy consumption in all end-use categories. Measures include building standards and rules for the performance of heating systems in buildings. A certification scheme for buildings was added in 2006 in order to transpose the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. The Energy Plan also requires companies with an annual energy consumption over a certain amount to employ an energy manager and communities with a population over 50,000 to establish energy plans with an emphasis on renewables and efficiency. A 2004 decree of the Ministry for Economic Development obliges all gas and electricity suppliers with more than 100,000 customers to help their customers save a certain amount of energy. Alternatively, they can buy White Certificates for Energy Efficiency Titles (TEE) which represent energy savings achieved by other suppliers.
Japan, as of Jan 2008
The Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy originally established in 1979 has been revised for the 6th time in 2006. It includes rules for factories' energy management and energy conservation measures for residential buildings and the construction sector, including mandatory efficiency plans for large buildings. The Law also obliges energy-equipment retailers to promote and disseminate energy-saving information through labels. Japan's New National Energy Strategy includes the “TopRunner” programme, under which manufacturers of domestic appliances are urged to produce products with an average energy-efficiency rating on par with the best products offered anywhere in the world. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established energy efficiency standards for housing in 2006, aiming for 40% of houses to have energy saving measures such as double-paned windows by 2015.
The Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy originally established in 1979 has been revised for the 6th time in 2006. It includes rules for factories' energy management and energy conservation measures for residential buildings and the construction sector, including mandatory efficiency plans for large buildings. The Law also obliges energy-equipment retailers to promote and disseminate energy-saving information through labels. Japan's New National Energy Strategy includes the “TopRunner” programme, under which manufacturers of domestic appliances are urged to produce products with an average energy-efficiency rating on par with the best products offered anywhere in the world. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established energy efficiency standards for housing in 2006, aiming for 40% of houses to have energy saving measures such as double-paned windows by 2015.
Mexico, as of Jan 2008
The generic law, Ley Federal Sobre Metrología y Normalización of 1992, laid the foundation for Mexican energy efficiency programmes, enacting both voluntary and mandatory standards for products marketed in Mexico. The 1992 generic law also established a host of public and private organisations to create and enforce the standards, including a national standards commission and advisory committee, accreditation entities, testing laboratories and verification units. Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (Conae) is the agency that introduces and operates the standards. Additionally, Conae implements a mandatory comparative labelling programme for appliances and heating/cooling systems.
The generic law, Ley Federal Sobre Metrología y Normalización of 1992, laid the foundation for Mexican energy efficiency programmes, enacting both voluntary and mandatory standards for products marketed in Mexico. The 1992 generic law also established a host of public and private organisations to create and enforce the standards, including a national standards commission and advisory committee, accreditation entities, testing laboratories and verification units. Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (Conae) is the agency that introduces and operates the standards. Additionally, Conae implements a mandatory comparative labelling programme for appliances and heating/cooling systems.
Russia, as of Jan 2008
In 2003, the Russian government enacted the Federal Code on Thermal Performance of Buildings and building efficiency codes also exist on the regional level. Russia’s energy efficiency initiatives to date have been supported by NGOs like the Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) and guided by the U.S.-Russian Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation, U.S. Department of Energy, USAID and the World Bank. For instance, the CENEf has initiated model projects to increase energy efficiency of district heating schemes and helped regional governments to draft building codes.
In 2003, the Russian government enacted the Federal Code on Thermal Performance of Buildings and building efficiency codes also exist on the regional level. Russia’s energy efficiency initiatives to date have been supported by NGOs like the Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) and guided by the U.S.-Russian Commission on Economic and Technological Cooperation, U.S. Department of Energy, USAID and the World Bank. For instance, the CENEf has initiated model projects to increase energy efficiency of district heating schemes and helped regional governments to draft building codes.
South Africa, as of Jan 2008
South Africa’s Energy Efficiency Strategy of 2005 enumerates a set of possible energy efficiency measures, including efficiency standards and labels. Future rules are to be laid out in Sectoral Implementation Plans. To date, Eskom, South Africa’s national electricity producer, is the most active institution in the area of energy efficiency. The utility offers energy audits for companies and distributes millions of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) to households as a replacement for incandescent light bulbs.
South Africa’s Energy Efficiency Strategy of 2005 enumerates a set of possible energy efficiency measures, including efficiency standards and labels. Future rules are to be laid out in Sectoral Implementation Plans. To date, Eskom, South Africa’s national electricity producer, is the most active institution in the area of energy efficiency. The utility offers energy audits for companies and distributes millions of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) to households as a replacement for incandescent light bulbs.
United Kingdom, as of Jan 2008
The UK’s Energy Act 2004 implements a range of EU requirements relating to energy efficiency, such as raising building and product standards, and creating an Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the UK. Minimum energy efficiency standards for new housing are laid out in the Building Regulations, which were revised in 2002, 2005 and 2006. They now include an ambitious minimum efficiency standard for boilers. In addition, the Code for Sustainable Homes encourages housebuilders and developers to go beyond compliance with minimum requirements. In line with EU legislation, Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were introduced for the marketed sale of domestic homes in 2005. The Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) places an obligation on the suppliers of gas and electricity to achieve a determined quantity of energy savings by promoting improvements in energy efficiency through measures provided to domestic consumers. The Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) is a similar instrument for industry and the public sector.
The UK’s Energy Act 2004 implements a range of EU requirements relating to energy efficiency, such as raising building and product standards, and creating an Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the UK. Minimum energy efficiency standards for new housing are laid out in the Building Regulations, which were revised in 2002, 2005 and 2006. They now include an ambitious minimum efficiency standard for boilers. In addition, the Code for Sustainable Homes encourages housebuilders and developers to go beyond compliance with minimum requirements. In line with EU legislation, Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) were introduced for the marketed sale of domestic homes in 2005. The Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC) places an obligation on the suppliers of gas and electricity to achieve a determined quantity of energy savings by promoting improvements in energy efficiency through measures provided to domestic consumers. The Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) is a similar instrument for industry and the public sector.
USA, as of Jan 2008
Under the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sets minimum efficiency standards for a wide range of consumer products, including appliances, home electronics, heating and cooling systems, lighting and office equipment. The Energy Star Program, established in 1992, provides manufacturers an additional incentive to offer more efficient products. To be Energy Star certified, products must be at least 10% more efficient than the minimum performance standards for similar products. Since 2006, Energy Star labels also exist for buildings. Furthermore, a significant portion of energy efficiency policy is established by state and local governments as well as utilities.
Under the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sets minimum efficiency standards for a wide range of consumer products, including appliances, home electronics, heating and cooling systems, lighting and office equipment. The Energy Star Program, established in 1992, provides manufacturers an additional incentive to offer more efficient products. To be Energy Star certified, products must be at least 10% more efficient than the minimum performance standards for similar products. Since 2006, Energy Star labels also exist for buildings. Furthermore, a significant portion of energy efficiency policy is established by state and local governments as well as utilities.
Brazil, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
Canada, as of Sep 2007
As of August 2007, two Canadian provinces, British Columbia and Manitoba, participate in the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative, together with 6 Western U.S. States, making it both a subnational and international emissions trading market.
As of August 2007, two Canadian provinces, British Columbia and Manitoba, participate in the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative, together with 6 Western U.S. States, making it both a subnational and international emissions trading market.
China, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
European Union, as of Sep 2007
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
France, as of Sep 2007
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
Germany, as of Sep 2007
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
India, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
Italy, as of Sep 2007
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
Japan, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
Mexico, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
Russia, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
South Africa, as of Sep 2007
No national emissions trading system in place.
No national emissions trading system in place.
United Kingdom, as of Sep 2007
UK ETS (expired at the end of 2006); replaced with EU Emissions Trading Scheme
UK ETS (expired at the end of 2006); replaced with EU Emissions Trading Scheme
USA, as of Sep 2007
The U.S. Federal government has not established any national or international emissions trading scheme. As of August 2007, however, 16 U.S. States have agreed to take part in two subnational emissions trading schemes, collectively representing 23% of total U.S. CO2 emissions. The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative comprises 10 northeastern States; the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative includes 6 U.S. States and 2 Canadian provinces.
The U.S. Federal government has not established any national or international emissions trading scheme. As of August 2007, however, 16 U.S. States have agreed to take part in two subnational emissions trading schemes, collectively representing 23% of total U.S. CO2 emissions. The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative comprises 10 northeastern States; the Western Regional Climate Action Initiative includes 6 U.S. States and 2 Canadian provinces.
Brazil, 2005
1,576.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,576.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
Canada, 2005
1,104.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,104.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
China, 2005
9,412.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
9,412.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
European Union, 2005
12,427.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
12,427.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
France, 2005
1,830.1 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,830.1 billions of current US$, at PPP
Germany, 2005
2,521.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
2,521.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
India, 2005
3,633.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
3,633.4 billions of current US$, at PPP
Italy, 2005
1,668.2 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,668.2 billions of current US$, at PPP
Japan, 2005
3,910.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
3,910.7 billions of current US$, at PPP
Mexico, 2005
1,072.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,072.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
Russia, 2005
1,575.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,575.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
South Africa, 2005
570.2 billions of current US$, at PPP
570.2 billions of current US$, at PPP
United Kingdom, 2005
1,832.8 billions of current US$, at PPP
1,832.8 billions of current US$, at PPP
USA, 2005
12,277.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
12,277.6 billions of current US$, at PPP
Brazil, 1990-2005
45.2 % (constant 2000 US$)
45.2 % (constant 2000 US$)
Canada, 1990-2005
51.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
51.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
China, 1990-2005
325.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
325.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
European Union, 1990-2005
35.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
35.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
France, 1990-2005
31.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
31.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
Germany, 1990-2005
27.7 % (constant 2000 US$)
27.7 % (constant 2000 US$)
India, 1990-2005
139.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
139.1 % (constant 2000 US$)
Italy, 1990-2005
20.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
20.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
Japan, 1990-2005
21.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
21.4 % (constant 2000 US$)
Mexico, 1990-2005
53.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
53.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
Russia, 1990-2005
-9.3 % (constant 2000 US$)
-9.3 % (constant 2000 US$)
South Africa, 1990-2005
43.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
43.9 % (constant 2000 US$)
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
43.2 % (constant 2000 US$)
43.2 % (constant 2000 US$)
USA, 1990-2005
56.6 % (constant 2000 US$)
56.6 % (constant 2000 US$)
Brazil, 2005
8,439.3 current US$, at PPP
8,439.3 current US$, at PPP
Canada, 2005
34,232.0 current US$, at PPP
34,232.0 current US$, at PPP
China, 2005
7,168.7 current US$, at PPP
7,168.7 current US$, at PPP
European Union, 2005
26,929.5 current US$, at PPP
26,929.5 current US$, at PPP
France, 2005
30,006.2 current US$, at PPP
30,006.2 current US$, at PPP
Germany, 2005
30,509.8 current US$, at PPP
30,509.8 current US$, at PPP
India, 2005
3,203.0 current US$, at PPP
3,203.0 current US$, at PPP
Italy, 2005
28,444.4 current US$, at PPP
28,444.4 current US$, at PPP
Japan, 2005
30,577.2 current US$, at PPP
30,577.2 current US$, at PPP
Mexico, 2005
10,286.8 current US$, at PPP
10,286.8 current US$, at PPP
Russia, 2005
10,945.0 current US$, at PPP
10,945.0 current US$, at PPP
South Africa, 2005
11,894.1 current US$, at PPP
11,894.1 current US$, at PPP
United Kingdom, 2005
30,422.3 current US$, at PPP
30,422.3 current US$, at PPP
USA, 2005
40,946.0 current US$, at PPP
40,946.0 current US$, at PPP
Brazil,
Agriculture: 52.5 %
Energy: 23.0 %
Industry: 3.8 %
Other: 5.9 %
Transport: 14.8 %
Agriculture: 52.5 %
Energy: 23.0 %
Industry: 3.8 %
Other: 5.9 %
Transport: 14.8 %
Canada,
Agriculture: 7.2 %
Energy: 56.2 %
Industry: 7.2 %
Other: 3.9 %
Transport: 25.5 %
Agriculture: 7.2 %
Energy: 56.2 %
Industry: 7.2 %
Other: 3.9 %
Transport: 25.5 %
China,
Agriculture: 20.3 %
Energy: 60.1 %
Industry: 7.6 %
Other: 7.5 %
Transport: 4.4 %
Agriculture: 20.3 %
Energy: 60.1 %
Industry: 7.6 %
Other: 7.5 %
Transport: 4.4 %
European Union,
Agriculture: 9.1 %
Energy: 60.8 %
Industry: 7.7 %
Other: 3.0 %
Transport: 19.4 %
Agriculture: 9.1 %
Energy: 60.8 %
Industry: 7.7 %
Other: 3.0 %
Transport: 19.4 %
France,
Agriculture: 17.2 %
Energy: 46.6 %
Industry: 7.3 %
Other: 2.8 %
Transport: 26.1 %
Agriculture: 17.2 %
Energy: 46.6 %
Industry: 7.3 %
Other: 2.8 %
Transport: 26.1 %
Germany,
Agriculture: 6.3 %
Energy: 64.5 %
Industry: 10.6 %
Other: 1.6 %
Transport: 17.0 %
Agriculture: 6.3 %
Energy: 64.5 %
Industry: 10.6 %
Other: 1.6 %
Transport: 17.0 %
India,
Agriculture: 33.8 %
Energy: 51.7 %
Industry: 3.7 %
Other: 5.9 %
Transport: 4.9 %
Agriculture: 33.8 %
Energy: 51.7 %
Industry: 3.7 %
Other: 5.9 %
Transport: 4.9 %
Italy,
Agriculture: 6.6 %
Energy: 59.6 %
Industry: 7.2 %
Other: 3.8 %
Transport: 22.8 %
Agriculture: 6.6 %
Energy: 59.6 %
Industry: 7.2 %
Other: 3.8 %
Transport: 22.8 %
Japan,
Agriculture: 2.0 %
Energy: 69.9 %
Industry: 5.5 %
Other: 3.5 %
Transport: 19.1 %
Agriculture: 2.0 %
Energy: 69.9 %
Industry: 5.5 %
Other: 3.5 %
Transport: 19.1 %
Mexico,
Agriculture: 9.6 %
Energy: 58.5 %
Industry: 4.3 %
Other: 8.4 %
Transport: 19.2 %
Agriculture: 9.6 %
Energy: 58.5 %
Industry: 4.3 %
Other: 8.4 %
Transport: 19.2 %
Russia,
Agriculture: 6.9 %
Energy: 73.0 %
Industry: 9.1 %
Other: 0.4 %
Transport: 10.6 %
Agriculture: 6.9 %
Energy: 73.0 %
Industry: 9.1 %
Other: 0.4 %
Transport: 10.6 %
South Africa,
Agriculture: 9.5 %
Energy: 65.9 %
Industry: 2.3 %
Other: 13.8 %
Transport: 8.5 %
Agriculture: 9.5 %
Energy: 65.9 %
Industry: 2.3 %
Other: 13.8 %
Transport: 8.5 %
United Kingdom,
Agriculture: 6.8 %
Energy: 65.4 %
Industry: 4.2 %
Other: 3.4 %
Transport: 20.2 %
Agriculture: 6.8 %
Energy: 65.4 %
Industry: 4.2 %
Other: 3.4 %
Transport: 20.2 %
USA,
Agriculture: 6.2 %
Energy: 60.0 %
Industry: 4.5 %
Other: 2.8 %
Transport: 26.5 %
Agriculture: 6.2 %
Energy: 60.0 %
Industry: 4.5 %
Other: 2.8 %
Transport: 26.5 %
Brazil, 2000
849.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
849.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
Canada, 2005
746.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
746.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
China, 2000
4,963.1 Mt CO2 equiv.
4,963.1 Mt CO2 equiv.
European Union, 2005
4,953.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
4,953.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
France, 2005
560.7 Mt CO2 equiv.
560.7 Mt CO2 equiv.
Germany, 2005
1,001.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
1,001.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
India, 2000
1,889.1 Mt CO2 equiv.
1,889.1 Mt CO2 equiv.
Italy, 2005
579.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
579.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
Japan, 2005
1,359.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
1,359.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
Mexico, 2000
525.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
525.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
Russia, 2005
2,289.2 Mt CO2 equiv.
2,289.2 Mt CO2 equiv.
South Africa, 2000
417.6 Mt CO2 equiv.
417.6 Mt CO2 equiv.
United Kingdom, 2005
657.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
657.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
USA, 2005
7,241.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
7,241.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
Brazil, 2000
2,221.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
2,221.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
Canada, 2005
729.7 Mt CO2 equiv.
729.7 Mt CO2 equiv.
China, 2000
4,915.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
4,915.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
European Union, 2005
4,558.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
4,558.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
France, 2005
495.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
495.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
Germany, 2005
965.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
965.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
India, 2000
1,848.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
1,848.8 Mt CO2 equiv.
Italy, 2005
469.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
469.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
Japan, 2005
1,263.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
1,263.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
Mexico, 2000
622.6 Mt CO2 equiv.
622.6 Mt CO2 equiv.
Russia, 2005
2,132.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
2,132.5 Mt CO2 equiv.
South Africa, 2000
419.3 Mt CO2 equiv.
419.3 Mt CO2 equiv.
United Kingdom, 2005
655.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
655.4 Mt CO2 equiv.
USA, 2005
6,431.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
6,431.9 Mt CO2 equiv.
Brazil, 2000
4.9 t CO2 equiv.
4.9 t CO2 equiv.
Canada, 2005
23.1 t CO2 equiv.
23.1 t CO2 equiv.
China, 2000
3.9 t CO2 equiv.
3.9 t CO2 equiv.
European Union, 2005
10.7 t CO2 equiv.
10.7 t CO2 equiv.
France, 2005
9.2 t CO2 equiv.
9.2 t CO2 equiv.
Germany, 2005
12.1 t CO2 equiv.
12.1 t CO2 equiv.
India, 2000
1.8 t CO2 equiv.
1.8 t CO2 equiv.
Italy, 2005
9.9 t CO2 equiv.
9.9 t CO2 equiv.
Japan, 2005
10.6 t CO2 equiv.
10.6 t CO2 equiv.
Mexico, 2000
5.3 t CO2 equiv.
5.3 t CO2 equiv.
Russia, 2005
15.9 t CO2 equiv.
15.9 t CO2 equiv.
South Africa, 2000
9.2 t CO2 equiv.
9.2 t CO2 equiv.
United Kingdom, 2005
10.9 t CO2 equiv.
10.9 t CO2 equiv.
USA, 2005
24.2 t CO2 equiv.
24.2 t CO2 equiv.
Brazil, 2000
1.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
1.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
Canada, 2005
0.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
China, 2000
4.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
4.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
European Union, 2005
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
France, 2005
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
Germany, 2005
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
India, 2000
4.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
4.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
Italy, 2005
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
Japan, 2005
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.3 t CO2/1,000 US$
Mexico, 2000
0.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.9 t CO2/1,000 US$
Russia, 2005
6.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
6.5 t CO2/1,000 US$
South Africa, 2000
3.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
3.1 t CO2/1,000 US$
United Kingdom, 2005
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.4 t CO2/1,000 US$
USA, 2005
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
0.7 t CO2/1,000 US$
Brazil, 2005
0.39 US$/litre
0.39 US$/litre
Canada, 2005
0.23 US$/litre
0.23 US$/litre
China, 2005
0.03 US$/litre
0.03 US$/litre
European Union, 2007
not available US$/litre
not available US$/litre
France, 2005
0.97 US$/litre
0.97 US$/litre
Germany, 2005
1.01 US$/litre
1.01 US$/litre
India, 2005
0.42 US$/litre
0.42 US$/litre
Italy, 2005
1.08 US$/litre
1.08 US$/litre
Japan, 2005
0.81 US$/litre
0.81 US$/litre
Mexico, 2005
0.14 US$/litre
0.14 US$/litre
Russia, 2005
0.10 US$/litre
0.10 US$/litre
South Africa, 2005
0.36 US$/litre
0.36 US$/litre
United Kingdom, 2005
1.11 US$/litre
1.11 US$/litre
USA, 2005
0.09 US$/litre
0.09 US$/litre
Brazil, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Canada, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
China, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
European Union, as of Nov 2007
111 JI projects hosted in the European Union.
111 JI projects hosted in the European Union.
France, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Germany, as of Nov 2007
3 JI projects hosted in country.
3 JI projects hosted in country.
India, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Italy, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Japan, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Mexico, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Russia, as of Nov 2007
52 JI projects hosted in country.
52 JI projects hosted in country.
South Africa, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
United Kingdom, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
USA, as of Nov 2007
No JI projects hosted in country.
No JI projects hosted in country.
Brazil, as of Sep 2007
23 Aug 2002
23 Aug 2002
Canada, as of Sep 2007
17 Dec 2002
17 Dec 2002
China, as of Sep 2007
30 Aug 2002
30 Aug 2002
European Union, as of Sep 2007
31 May 2002
31 May 2002
France, as of Sep 2007
31 May 2002
31 May 2002
Germany, as of Sep 2007
31 May 2002
31 May 2002
India, as of Sep 2007
26 Aug 2002
26 Aug 2002
Italy, as of Sep 2007
31 May 2002
31 May 2002
Japan, as of Sep 2007
4 Jun 2002
4 Jun 2002
Mexico, as of Sep 2007
7 Sep 2000
7 Sep 2000
Russia, as of Sep 2007
18 Nov 2004
18 Nov 2004
South Africa, as of Sep 2007
31 Jul 2002
31 Jul 2002
United Kingdom, as of Sep 2007
31 May 2002
31 May 2002
USA, as of Sep 2007
not ratified
not ratified
Brazil, as of Sep 2007
no target
no target
Canada, as of Sep 2007
-6.0%
-6.0%
China, as of Sep 2007
no target
no target
European Union, as of Sep 2007
-8.0%
-8.0%
France, as of Sep 2007
0.0%
0.0%
Germany, as of Sep 2007
-21.0%
-21.0%
India, as of Sep 2007
no target
no target
Italy, as of Sep 2007
-6.5%
-6.5%
Japan, as of Sep 2007
-6.0%
-6.0%
Mexico, as of Sep 2007
no target
no target
Russia, as of Sep 2007
0.0%
0.0%
South Africa, as of Sep 2007
no target
no target
United Kingdom, as of Sep 2007
-12.5%
-12.5%
USA, as of Sep 2007
-7.0%
-7.0%
Brazil
Canada
China
European Union
France
Germany
India
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Russia
South Africa
United Kingdom
USA
Brazil,
Fossil Fuels: 60.6 %
Hydro: 36.3 %
Nuclear: 1.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.0 %
Fossil Fuels: 60.6 %
Hydro: 36.3 %
Nuclear: 1.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.0 %
Canada,
Fossil Fuels: 67.4 %
Hydro: 25.0 %
Nuclear: 6.9 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.7 %
Fossil Fuels: 67.4 %
Hydro: 25.0 %
Nuclear: 6.9 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.7 %
China,
Fossil Fuels: 93.3 %
Hydro: 5.9 %
Nuclear: 0.8 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.0 %
Fossil Fuels: 93.3 %
Hydro: 5.9 %
Nuclear: 0.8 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.0 %
European Union,
Fossil Fuels: 81.3 %
Hydro: 3.7 %
Nuclear: 12.9 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.1 %
Fossil Fuels: 81.3 %
Hydro: 3.7 %
Nuclear: 12.9 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.1 %
France,
Fossil Fuels: 57.0 %
Hydro: 4.4 %
Nuclear: 38.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.5 %
Fossil Fuels: 57.0 %
Hydro: 4.4 %
Nuclear: 38.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.5 %
Germany,
Fossil Fuels: 85.0 %
Hydro: 1.3 %
Nuclear: 10.7 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 3.0 %
Fossil Fuels: 85.0 %
Hydro: 1.3 %
Nuclear: 10.7 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 3.0 %
India,
Fossil Fuels: 92.2 %
Hydro: 6.1 %
Nuclear: 1.2 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.5 %
Fossil Fuels: 92.2 %
Hydro: 6.1 %
Nuclear: 1.2 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.5 %
Italy,
Fossil Fuels: 93.3 %
Hydro: 4.2 %
Nuclear: 0.0 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.5 %
Fossil Fuels: 93.3 %
Hydro: 4.2 %
Nuclear: 0.0 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.5 %
Japan,
Fossil Fuels: 82.9 %
Hydro: 3.4 %
Nuclear: 12.5 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.2 %
Fossil Fuels: 82.9 %
Hydro: 3.4 %
Nuclear: 12.5 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.2 %
Mexico,
Fossil Fuels: 92.0 %
Hydro: 4.0 %
Nuclear: 1.5 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.5 %
Fossil Fuels: 92.0 %
Hydro: 4.0 %
Nuclear: 1.5 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 2.5 %
Russia,
Fossil Fuels: 89.1 %
Hydro: 5.7 %
Nuclear: 5.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.1 %
Fossil Fuels: 89.1 %
Hydro: 5.7 %
Nuclear: 5.1 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.1 %
South Africa,
Fossil Fuels: 97.3 %
Hydro: 0.2 %
Nuclear: 2.4 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.1 %
Fossil Fuels: 97.3 %
Hydro: 0.2 %
Nuclear: 2.4 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 0.1 %
United Kingdom,
Fossil Fuels: 88.2 %
Hydro: 0.5 %
Nuclear: 9.8 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.5 %
Fossil Fuels: 88.2 %
Hydro: 0.5 %
Nuclear: 9.8 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.5 %
USA,
Fossil Fuels: 87.7 %
Hydro: 2.8 %
Nuclear: 8.3 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.2 %
Fossil Fuels: 87.7 %
Hydro: 2.8 %
Nuclear: 8.3 %
Renewables (excl. Hydro): 1.2 %
Brazil, 1990-2005
25.0 %
25.0 %
Canada, 1990-2005
16.5 %
16.5 %
China, 1990-2005
14.3 %
14.3 %
European Union, 1990-2005
5.3 %
5.3 %
France, 1990-2005
7.5 %
7.5 %
Germany, 1990-2005
4.1 %
4.1 %
India, 1990-2005
31.9 %
31.9 %
Italy, 1990-2005
3.4 %
3.4 %
Japan, 1990-2005
3.5 %
3.5 %
Mexico, 1990-2005
24.1 %
24.1 %
Russia, 1990-2005
-3.1 %
-3.1 %
South Africa, 1990-2005
31.1 %
31.1 %
United Kingdom, 1990-2005
5.3 %
5.3 %
USA, 1990-2005
17.1 %
17.1 %
Brazil, 2005
186.8 million
186.8 million
Canada, 2005
32.3 million
32.3 million
China, 2005
1,313.0 million
1,313.0 million
European Union, 2005
461.5 million
461.5 million
France, 2005
61.0 million
61.0 million
Germany, 2005
82.7 million
82.7 million
India, 2005
1,134.4 million
1,134.4 million
Italy, 2005
58.6 million
58.6 million
Japan, 2005
127.9 million
127.9 million
Mexico, 2005
104.3 million
104.3 million
Russia, 2005
144.0 million
144.0 million
South Africa, 2005
47.9 million
47.9 million
United Kingdom, 2005
60.2 million
60.2 million
USA, 2005
299.8 million
299.8 million
Brazil, 2005
88.8 Mtoe
88.8 Mtoe
Canada, 2005
93.2 Mtoe
93.2 Mtoe
China, 2005
100.6 Mtoe
100.6 Mtoe
European Union, 2005
110.3 Mtoe
110.3 Mtoe
France, 2005
14.5 Mtoe
14.5 Mtoe
Germany, 2005
15.7 Mtoe
15.7 Mtoe
India, 2005
26.9 Mtoe
26.9 Mtoe
Italy, 2005
13.4 Mtoe
13.4 Mtoe
Japan, 2005
26.2 Mtoe
26.2 Mtoe
Mexico, 2005
11.2 Mtoe
11.2 Mtoe
Russia, 2005
44.4 Mtoe
44.4 Mtoe
South Africa, 2005
0.3 Mtoe
0.3 Mtoe
United Kingdom, 2005
5.0 Mtoe
5.0 Mtoe
USA, 2005
97.3 Mtoe
97.3 Mtoe
Brazil, as of Sep 2007
Brazil has implemented the Alternative Sources of Energy Incentive Programme (PROINFA), which includes guaranteed pricing, feed-in systems, tradable certificates, and 3rd party financing for onshore wind energy, bio energy and hydropower. The government has also initiated a rural electrification programme promoting the simultaneous development of many renewable energy sources.
Brazil has implemented the Alternative Sources of Energy Incentive Programme (PROINFA), which includes guaranteed pricing, feed-in systems, tradable certificates, and 3rd party financing for onshore wind energy, bio energy and hydropower. The government has also initiated a rural electrification programme promoting the simultaneous development of many renewable energy sources.
Canada, as of Jan 2008
In Canada, the most prominent iniatives take place on the provincial level: As of 2006, three of the ten Canadian provinces have established renewable portfolio standards and two provinces have enacted feed-in tariffs. The national government supports renewable energy through tax rebates on renewable energy investments (Income Tax Act) and a fuel tax exemption for ethanol of 10 cents per litre. As part of the Technology and Innovation Initiative, the government also finances a technology fund which aims at bringing clean technologies from the research phase to market implementation.
In Canada, the most prominent iniatives take place on the provincial level: As of 2006, three of the ten Canadian provinces have established renewable portfolio standards and two provinces have enacted feed-in tariffs. The national government supports renewable energy through tax rebates on renewable energy investments (Income Tax Act) and a fuel tax exemption for ethanol of 10 cents per litre. As part of the Technology and Innovation Initiative, the government also finances a technology fund which aims at bringing clean technologies from the research phase to market implementation.
China, as of Jan 2008
China promotes onshore wind through guarantueed prices determined by a bidding process (Wind Power Concession Programme) and a reduced VAT and income tax measure for wind generation equipment. All other renewable energy sources except for traditional biomass profit from the feed-in tariffs established by the 2005 Renewable Energy Law. The level of support is set by the provinces. Finally, the Brightness Programme for rural electrification provides capital grants.
China promotes onshore wind through guarantueed prices determined by a bidding process (Wind Power Concession Programme) and a reduced VAT and income tax measure for wind generation equipment. All other renewable energy sources except for traditional biomass profit from the feed-in tariffs established by the 2005 Renewable Energy Law. The level of support is set by the provinces. Finally, the Brightness Programme for rural electrification provides capital grants.
European Union, as of Jan 2008
Under its rules applicable to State aid, the EU grants its Member States the right to promote important projects of common European interest that are geared to the environment. The maximum support allowed for investments in energy saving, renewable sources of energy and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is 40% (gross). A maximum cap of 50% (gross) is allowed for investments in renewable energies supplying an entire community.
Under its rules applicable to State aid, the EU grants its Member States the right to promote important projects of common European interest that are geared to the environment. The maximum support allowed for investments in energy saving, renewable sources of energy and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is 40% (gross). A maximum cap of 50% (gross) is allowed for investments in renewable energies supplying an entire community.
France, as of Jan 2008
The Electricity Law of 2000 encourages renewable energy development through guaranteed prices, a feed-in system, and through regulatory and administrative rules.
The Electricity Law of 2000 encourages renewable energy development through guaranteed prices, a feed-in system, and through regulatory and administrative rules.
Germany, as of Jan 2008
As a means to stimulate investment in renewable energy, Germany’s Renewable Energy Law (Erneurbare-Energien-Gesetz) of 2000 established feed-in tariffs for electricity generated from renewable sources, including comparably generous kwh-prices for PV. In addition, the Market Incentive Programme (Marktanreizprogramm) provides capital grants for renewable heating devices. Biofuels were initially supported through a mineral oil tax exemption. In December 2006, the tax break was replaced by a quota system that sets a minimum percentage of biofuels in the transport sector.
As a means to stimulate investment in renewable energy, Germany’s Renewable Energy Law (Erneurbare-Energien-Gesetz) of 2000 established feed-in tariffs for electricity generated from renewable sources, including comparably generous kwh-prices for PV. In addition, the Market Incentive Programme (Marktanreizprogramm) provides capital grants for renewable heating devices. Biofuels were initially supported through a mineral oil tax exemption. In December 2006, the tax break was replaced by a quota system that sets a minimum percentage of biofuels in the transport sector.
India, as of Jan 2008
In 2004, India's Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), along with other State and local level governmental agencies, established the Central Financial Assistance (CFA) initiative for biogas plants. The Ministry provides CFA mainly for the construction and maintenance of biogas plants, as well as training, awareness creation, and technical support. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) also support the biogas programme through refinancing schemes to commercial banks, aimed at offsetting funds that the commercial banks have loaned to biogas plants.
In 2004, India's Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES), along with other State and local level governmental agencies, established the Central Financial Assistance (CFA) initiative for biogas plants. The Ministry provides CFA mainly for the construction and maintenance of biogas plants, as well as training, awareness creation, and technical support. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) also support the biogas programme through refinancing schemes to commercial banks, aimed at offsetting funds that the commercial banks have loaned to biogas plants.
Italy, as of Jan 2008
Italy's 1999 Electricity Liberalisation Act is centred on tradable green certificates and regulatory obligations. The legislation requires energy producers to supply a minimum renewable electricity quota of 3.05% in 2007. Since 2007, a feed-in tariff for PV complements the renewable portfolio standard. In addition the Ministry of Finance put forth a tax-credit scheme for geothermal energy and biomass-fuelled district heating which operates since 2000. In the same year, the Ministry established a reduced excise tax for biofuel blends and completely exempted biodiesel from excise tax until 2010.
Italy's 1999 Electricity Liberalisation Act is centred on tradable green certificates and regulatory obligations. The legislation requires energy producers to supply a minimum renewable electricity quota of 3.05% in 2007. Since 2007, a feed-in tariff for PV complements the renewable portfolio standard. In addition the Ministry of Finance put forth a tax-credit scheme for geothermal energy and biomass-fuelled district heating which operates since 2000. In the same year, the Ministry established a reduced excise tax for biofuel blends and completely exempted biodiesel from excise tax until 2010.
Japan, as of Jan 2008
In 1998, Japan initiated the Promotion for the Local Introduction of New Energy, which subsidises renewable energy projects through the New Energy Development Organisation (est. 1980) to encourage the development of new energy sources. Public entities and NGOs are able to receive subsidies promoting a wide variety of renewables. Subsidies can cover up to 50% of a group of expenditures, including installation, deployment and promotion costs. Japan’s Renewable Portfolio Standard, promulgated in 2002, aims to increase the share of “new energy” by electric utilities through obligatory measures.
In 1998, Japan initiated the Promotion for the Local Introduction of New Energy, which subsidises renewable energy projects through the New Energy Development Organisation (est. 1980) to encourage the development of new energy sources. Public entities and NGOs are able to receive subsidies promoting a wide variety of renewables. Subsidies can cover up to 50% of a group of expenditures, including installation, deployment and promotion costs. Japan’s Renewable Portfolio Standard, promulgated in 2002, aims to increase the share of “new energy” by electric utilities through obligatory measures.
Mexico, as of Jan 2008
In 1995, Mexico enacted the Accelerated Depreciation for Environmental Investment, which was established to offset the accelerated depreciation of environmentally friendly investments. Starting in 2004, investors were allowed to deduct 100% of the investment after one year of operation, as defined in Articles 21, 22 and 23 of the General Law for Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection. According to the regulation's guidelines, equipment shall operate for at least five years following the tax deduction.
In 1995, Mexico enacted the Accelerated Depreciation for Environmental Investment, which was established to offset the accelerated depreciation of environmentally friendly investments. Starting in 2004, investors were allowed to deduct 100% of the investment after one year of operation, as defined in Articles 21, 22 and 23 of the General Law for Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection. According to the regulation's guidelines, equipment shall operate for at least five years following the tax deduction.
Russia, as of Jan 2008
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
No significant initiatives identified in the international literature.
South Africa, as of Jan 2008
South Africa’s 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy aims to remove barriers to the further promotion of renewable energies through a variety of initiatives, including: 1) promoting financial and fiscal instruments for redirecting national funds to renewable energies; 2) developing effective legislation in order to manage the growth of renewable energy; 3) promoting research and development of renewable energy projects; 4) raising public awareness; and 5) establishing technology support centres to assist in the maintenance of the new energy infrastructure.
South Africa’s 2003 White Paper on Renewable Energy aims to remove barriers to the further promotion of renewable energies through a variety of initiatives, including: 1) promoting financial and fiscal instruments for redirecting national funds to renewable energies; 2) developing effective legislation in order to manage the growth of renewable energy; 3) promoting research and development of renewable energy projects; 4) raising public awareness; and 5) establishing technology support centres to assist in the maintenance of the new energy infrastructure.
United Kingdom, as of Jan 2008
The UK's Climate Change Levy (CCL) of 2001 is a tax on energy use in industry, commerce, agriculture, and the public sector. Gas, electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and coal are all subject to the CCL. The levy was accompanied by a 0.3% cut in employers national insurance contributions. The levy is not based on carbon content, but rather on primary energy content. Exemptions from CCL include solar and wind power, gas from coal-mine methane and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. Since its introduction in 2001, CCL is responsible for savings of 16 million tons of carbon (MtC), and it is expected to achieve reductions of 3.5 MtC per year by 2010.
The UK's Climate Change Levy (CCL) of 2001 is a tax on energy use in industry, commerce, agriculture, and the public sector. Gas, electricity, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and coal are all subject to the CCL. The levy was accompanied by a 0.3% cut in employers national insurance contributions. The levy is not based on carbon content, but rather on primary energy content. Exemptions from CCL include solar and wind power, gas from coal-mine methane and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. Since its introduction in 2001, CCL is responsible for savings of 16 million tons of carbon (MtC), and it is expected to achieve reductions of 3.5 MtC per year by 2010.
USA, as of Jan 2008
The U.S. Federal government promotes renewable energy investment through tax credits, low-interest loans and capital grants. For example, the Residential Solar and Fuel Cell Tax Credit Act of 2006 applies to solar water heat, photovoltaics, fuel cells, or other solar electric technologieswhile the Business Energy Tax Credit of 2006 provides corporate tax credits for the installment of renewable energy equipment and fuel cells. The transport sector receives extensive support, mainly through a bioethanol tax credit of a 60 ct/gallon and soft loans for biofuel plants. Many individual states within the U.S. have established comprehensive policies in order to encourage wider utilisation of renewable energies within state borders. As of 2006, 20 states have enacted renewable portfolio standards and at least five states prescribe a minimum biofuel quota for transport fuels. Other state-level policies include R&D programmes, green building incentives, local grant programmes, and both private and commercial tax deductions and credits.
The U.S. Federal government promotes renewable energy investment through tax credits, low-interest loans and capital grants. For example, the Residential Solar and Fuel Cell Tax Credit Act of 2006 applies to solar water heat, photovoltaics, fuel cells, or other solar electric technologieswhile the Business Energy Tax Credit of 2006 provides corporate tax credits for the installment of renewable energy equipment and fuel cells. The transport sector receives extensive support, mainly through a bioethanol tax credit of a 60 ct/gallon and soft loans for biofuel plants. Many individual states within the U.S. have established comprehensive policies in order to encourage wider utilisation of renewable energies within state borders. As of 2006, 20 states have enacted renewable portfolio standards and at least five states prescribe a minimum biofuel quota for transport fuels. Other state-level policies include R&D programmes, green building incentives, local grant programmes, and both private and commercial tax deductions and credits.
Brazil, as of Jan 2008
Target: additional 3,300 MW from wind, small hydro, biomass by 2016.
Target: additional 3,300 MW from wind, small hydro, biomass by 2016.
Canada, as of Jan 2008
No national renewable energy targets exist; targets are determined at the provincial level.
No national renewable energy targets exist; targets are determined at the provincial level.
China, as of Jan 2008
Target: 16% of total primary energy supply from renewables by 2020.
Target: 16% of total primary energy supply from renewables by 2020.
European Union, as of Jan 2008
Targets: 12% of overall energy consumption from renewables by 2010; 20% of overall energy consumption from renewables by 2020; 21% of total electricity generation from renewables by 2010.
Targets: 12% of overall energy consumption from renewables by 2010; 20% of overall energy consumption from renewables by 2020; 21% of total electricity generation from renewables by 2010.
France, as of Jan 2008
Target: 21% share of electricity from renewables by 2010.
Target: 21% share of electricity from renewables by 2010.
Germany, as of Jan 2008
Targets: 12.5% renewable electricity output by 2010 (25-30% by 2020). Renewables to account for 14% of heating and 17% of fuel consumption by 2020, and are to contribute at least half of energy consumption by mid-century.
Targets: 12.5% renewable electricity output by 2010 (25-30% by 2020). Renewables to account for 14% of heating and 17% of fuel consumption by 2020, and are to contribute at least half of energy consumption by mid-century.
India, as of Jan 2008
Targets: 10% of annual power additions from renewables by 2012, 15% of total electricity production from renewables and 10% of oil consumption substituted by biofuels by 2032.
Targets: 10% of annual power additions from renewables by 2012, 15% of total electricity production from renewables and 10% of oil consumption substituted by biofuels by 2032.
Italy, as of Jan 2008
Target: 25% of electricity output from renewables by 2010.
Target: 25% of electricity output from renewables by 2010.
Japan, as of Jan 2008
Targets: 3% of total primary energy supply from renewables by 2010, 16 TWh additional renewable electricity capacity by 2014, excluding geothermal and large hydro.
Targets: 3% of total primary energy supply from renewables by 2010, 16 TWh additional renewable electricity capacity by 2014, excluding geothermal and large hydro.
Mexico, as of Jan 2008
No quantitative targets exist.
No quantitative targets exist.
Russia, as of Jan 2008
No quantitative targets exist.
No quantitative targets exist.
South Africa, as of Jan 2008
Target: 10,000 GWh additional renewa
Target: 10,000 GWh additional renewa